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Second Aqueduct Haiwee Reservoir, Inyo County Mono Extension Upper Lee Vining Creek, Mono County | ends = First & Second Aqueduct Upper Van Norman Lake (Los Angeles Reservoir), Granada Hills, Los Angeles Mono Extension Owens River, Mono County | maint = Los Angeles Department of Water and Power | length = | height = | width = | diameter = | first_length = | second_length = | capacity = First Aqueduct Second Aqueduct | began = First Aqueduct October 1908 Second Aqueduct September 1965 | open = First Aqueduct November 1913 Second Aqueduct June 1970 | references = 〔〔〔〔〔 }} The Los Angeles Aqueduct system, comprising the Los Angeles Aqueduct (Owens Valley aqueduct) and the Second Los Angeles Aqueduct, is a water conveyance system, built and operated by the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 url=http://wsoweb.ladwp.com/Aqueduct/historyoflaa/index.htm )〕 The Owens Valley aqueduct was designed and built by the city's water department, at the time named The Bureau of Los Angeles Aqueduct, under the supervision of the department's Chief Engineer William Mulholland.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://waterandpower.org/museum/Name_Change_Chronology_of_DWP.html )〕 The system delivers water from the Owens River in the Eastern Sierra Nevada Mountains to Los Angeles, California. In 1971 it was recognized by the American Society of Civil Engineers on the List of Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks. Its construction was controversial from the start, as it is alleged that water diversions to Los Angeles all but ended agriculture in the Owens Valley. Since then its continued operation has led to public debate, legislation and court battles over the environmental impacts of the aqueduct on Mono Lake and other ecosystems. ==Construction== The aqueduct project began in 1905 when the people of Los Angeles approved a bond for the 'purchase of lands and water and the inauguration of work on the aqueduct'. On June 12, 1907 a second bond was passed with a budget of to fund construction.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 Complete report on construction of the Los Angeles Aqueduct )p.14-17; p. 271〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】 publisher = KCET )〕 Construction began in 1908 and was divided up into 11 divisions and a cement plant. The number of men who were on the payroll the first year was 2,629 and peaked at 6,060 in May 1909. In 1910 employment dropped to 1,150 due to financial reasons but rebounded later in the year. Between 1911 and 1912 employment ranged from 2,800 to 3,800 workers. The number of actual laborers working on the aqueduct, at its peak, was 3,900.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 World Records )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】 url = http://wsoweb.ladwp.com/Aqueduct/historyoflaa/hundred.htm )〕〔 Includes construction photos.〕 In 1913 the City of Los Angeles completed construction of the first Los Angeles Aqueduct. The aqueduct as originally constructed consisted of six storage reservoirs and of conduit. Beginning three and one half miles north of Black Rock Springs, the aqueduct diverts the Owens River into an unlined canal to begin its journey south to the Lower San Fernando Reservoir. This reservoir was later renamed the Lower Van Norman Reservoir. The original project consisted of of open unlined canal, of lined open canal, of covered concrete conduit, of concrete tunnels, steel siphons, of railroad track, two hydroelectric plants, three cement plants, of power lines, of telephone line, of roads and was later expanded with the construction of the Mono Extension and the Second Los Angeles Aqueduct. The aqueduct uses gravity alone to move the water and also uses the water to generate electricity, which makes it cost-efficient to operate.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 url=http://wsoweb.ladwp.com/Aqueduct/historyoflaa/onlysource.htm )〕 The aqueduct system has been operated safely throughout its history and is still in operation. The construction of the Los Angeles Aqueduct effectively eliminated the Owens Valley as a viable farming community and eventually devastated the Owens Lake ecosystem. A group known as the "San Fernando Syndicate" – including Eaton, Mulholland, Harrison Otis (the publisher of The Los Angeles Times), local developer Henry Huntington and a group of wealthy businessmen – were a group of investors who bought land in the San Fernando Valley based on inside knowledge that the Los Angeles aqueduct would soon irrigate it. Although there is disagreement over the actions of the “syndicate” as to whether they were a "diabolical" cabal or only a group that united the Los Angeles business community behind supporting the aqueduct, Fred Eaton, Mulholland and others connected with the project have long been accused of using deceptive tactics and underhanded methods to obtain water rights and block the Bureau of Reclamation from building water infrastructure for the residents in Owens Valley. By the 1920s, the aggressive pursuits of the water rights and the diversion of the Owens River precipitated the outbreak of violence known as the California Water Wars. Farmers in Owens Valley attacked infrastructure, dynamiting the aqueduct numerous times and opening sluice gates to divert the flow of water. The aqueduct's water provided developers with the resources to quickly develop the San Fernando Valley and Los Angeles through World War II. Mulholland's role in the vision and completion of the aqueduct and the growth of Los Angeles into a large metropolis is recognized and well-documented. The William Mulholland Memorial Fountain, built in 1940 and located at Riverside Drive and Los Feliz Blvd. in Los Feliz is dedicated to his memory and contributions. Mulholland Drive and Mulholland Dam are named for him as well. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Los Angeles Aqueduct」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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